姜有为：打造营商环境 推动沈阳高质量发展

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??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 2009 ??????? ??????? ???????

?????	??? ??????	???? ???	???? ??????	?????
?????	1,114.9	549.4		573.6
????????	393.9	4.4		5.2
????????	305.0	25.1	0.011	26.5
???????		66.9		87.5
?????	257.4	38.2	23.4	63.5
?????	92.1	43.9	4.7	60.0
????????	65.8	25.7		29.9
????? ????????	0.1	27.3		48.6
???????	0.4	20.1	0.38	32.7
??????	1,594.9	914.0	64.5	1,232.4

???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? 60% ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????. ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????. ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? 2.2 ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? 7-14 ??? ???? ????.

???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. ??????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????. ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???????. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? 2 ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? 8 ??? 18 ???????. ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????.

?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? (??????? ??????? ???????) (??? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????? )

?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? (??????? ??????? ???????) (??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? )

???????

????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????

?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? (?????) ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????. ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? . ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????????? (?? ???? ?????) ?? ????????? (?? ???????). ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????.

???????? ?????? ??????

????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? (Fe₂O₃) ?? ????????? (Fe₃O₄) ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????.

?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? 1600 ??? 2200 °?. ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? 900 °? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????:

${\ce {2 C + O2 -> 2 CO}}$

????? ????? ????? ??????.

?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? 500-900 °? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????:

${\ce {3Fe2O3 + CO -> 2Fe3O4 + CO2}}$

${\ce {Fe3O4 + CO -> 3FeO + CO2}}$

${\ce {FeO + CO -> Fe + CO2}}$

???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? 900-1600 °? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????:

${\ce {3Fe2O3 + C -> 2Fe3O4 + CO}}$

${\ce {Fe3O4 + C -> 3FeO + CO}}$

${\ce {FeO + C -> Fe + CO}}$

??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????:

${\ce {2 Fe2O3 + 3 C -> 4 Fe + 3 CO2}}$

???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????.

???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? (??????? ?????????) ?? ????????? (??????? ?????????? ??????????) ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????)? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????. ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???. ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????.

???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? 95% ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? 4–5% ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? (0.01-0.05%) ????????? (0.5-6%) ?????????? (0.5-3%) ????????? (??? 2%).

????? ???????

?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? (?????? ???????) ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? 2–4% ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? (?? ??????? ??????) ? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????.

????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? 2%? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? (????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????). ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? 0.5% ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????????. ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????. ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????. ????? ??????? (?? ???????) ? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? 700–800 °? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????.

?????? ?????? ???????

???? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? . ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????:

${\ce {2 CH4 + O2 -> 2 CO + 4 H2}}$

?? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????.

${\ce {Fe2O3 + CO + 2 H2 -> 2 Fe + CO2 + 2 H2O}}$

???? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????.

?????? ????

????? ????

???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????:

${\ce {Fe2O3 + 2 Al -> 2 Fe + Al2O3}}$

?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????.

???? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? . ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????. ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????.

???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? 250 °? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????. ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????.

???????

?????? ???? ????? ???????: ????-54 ⁵⁴Fe (?????? ?????? 5.845%)? ?????-56 ⁵⁶Fe (????? ?????? 91.754%)? ?????-57 ⁵⁷Fe (?????? ?????? 2.119%)? ?????-58 ⁵⁸Fe (?????? ?????? 0.282%). ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? 150 ????????? ?8.275 ????. ???? ?????? ????-54 ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? 3.1×10²² ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ⁵⁴Cr. ???? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????-60 ⁶⁰Fe? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? 2.6×10⁶ ???. ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ⁶⁰Ni.

????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????-60 ⁶⁰Fe ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????-60 ⁶⁰Fe ????? ???????? ????-60 sup>60Ni ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ???? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????-60 ⁶⁰Fe ?????????-26 ²⁶Al ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? 4.6 ????? ???. ?? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????-56 ⁵⁶Fe? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????-56 ⁵⁶Ni ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? 2 . ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????-60 ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ⁶⁰Zn ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ⁵⁶Co? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ⁵⁶Fe. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ⁶²Ni ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????.

?????? ??????????

????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????-56 ?????? ?? ??????? ???????.

???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? 7.873  ?/??³? ?????? ??? 1538 °?? ????? ??? 3070  °?. ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????? ?????? 3d ?? ????? ??????? ????????.

???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ⁵⁶Fe ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????. ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????-56 ⁵⁶Fe ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ⁶²Ni ????? ?????? ????? ⁵⁸Fe.

???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????.

?????? ?? ??????

??????? ???????: ???? ??????

????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????.

???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? (α-Fe)? ?????? (γ-Fe)? ????? (δ-Fe). ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? (1538 °?) ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? (δ-Fe)? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 1394 °? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? (γ-Fe)? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ????? (???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? 364.7 ???????)? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ????? ????? ??? 910  °? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? (???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? 286.6 ???????)? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? (α-Fe)? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???????.. ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? (α) ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? 0.021% ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? 910  °?. ???? ????????? (????? ????? (γ)) ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? 2.04% ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? 1146  °?. ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????.

?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? (α-Fe) ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? (ε-Fe). ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? (β)? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? 50 ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? 1500 ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? β ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????.

?????? ???????????

????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? 1.  ????? ???????? 2.  ????? ??????? (????????)? 3.  ????? ???????? 4.  ????? ????????? 5.  ????? ???????? 6.  ???? ???? (?????) 7.  ????? 8.  ??????? 9.  ???????.

?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ? ????? ???? 770 °?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? (α-Fe) ??????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????. ??? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? 10 ????????. ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????????? (d_z² ? d_{x² ? y²}) ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????. ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????. ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????. ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????.

???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????. ???? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????.

?????? ????????

??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????. ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ???? ??????: ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? 0.2% ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? 0.6% ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? (????? 99.99%) ???? ????? ????? ?? 20-30 ??? ?????? ????? ???????.

???????

???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????:

????? ????? ?????? ????????

• ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? 4-5%? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? (???? ?????) ????????. ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? 1420–1470 ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? (?????) ?? ??????.
• ???? ??????? (?? ???? ?????)? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? 2.06%? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? . ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????????? ? ??? ????? ?????? Fe₃C. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????. ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? 0.8% ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? 723 °? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? . ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????.
• ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? 0.25%? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? 2.0%? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????.
• ??????? (?? ???????)? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? 2.06%? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? . ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????..

?????? ??????????

???? ???????	???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????
?2 (d10)	?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? (???? ??????) Na2[Fe(CO)4]
?1 (d9)	????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? 2?[Fe2(CO)8]
0 (d8)	????? ??????? ?????? Fe(CO)5
1 (d7)	????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? 2[C5H5Fe(CO)2]
2 (d6)	??????? ?????? ??????? FeSO4? ?????? Fe(C5H5)2
3 (d5)	?????? ?????? ??????? FeCl3? ????? ?????? ??????? Fe2O3
4 (d4)	????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? FeO(BF4)2
5 (d3)	????? ????? ?????? ??????? 3?FeO4
6 (d2)	?????? ?????????? K2FeO4

???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????.

?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ²⁺Fe ??????? ??? ??????????:

${\ce {Fe + 2HCl -> FeCl2 + H2}}$

????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????????. ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? Fe₃O₄. ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????.

?????? ????????

????? ?????? ??????

????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???????. ???? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????:

Fe2+ + 2 e?	Fe	E0 = ?0.447 V
Fe3+ + 3 e?	Fe	E0 = ?0.037 V
FeO42- + 8 H+ + 3 e?	Fe3+ + 4 H2O	E0 = +2.20 V

???? ????? ???????? (?? ????????) ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? +6? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????.

${\ce {4FeO2^2- + 10H2O -> 4Fr^3+ + 20OH^- + 3O2}}$

????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ³⁺Fe ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ³⁺[Fe(H₂O)₆]? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? pH ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ?? ?????? ³⁺[Fe(H₂O)₆] ??? ?????? ²⁺[Fe(H₂O)₅(OH)]? ?? ??? ?????? ⁺[Fe(H₂O)₄(OH)₂]? ??? ?????? ?????? ₂⁺⁴[Fe(H₂O)₄(OH)] ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???.

????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ²⁺[Fe(H₂O)₆] ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? FeCO₃. ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? Fe₂O₃ ?? ?????.

???????? ??????????

????? ?????? ??????? FeO (????? ????????)

????? ?????? ??????? Fe₂O₃ (????? ????????)

????? ?????? ??????? ???????? Fe₃O₄ (????? ?????? ??????????)

???? ???? ?????? ??? 24 ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????? Ar;3d⁶4s²? ????? ???? ??????????? 3d ? 4s ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????????. ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? +2 ?+3? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? +2 ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? +3 ???? ??????? ????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? +6 ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? K₂FeO₄? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? +1 ?? 0 ?? ?1 ?? ??? ?2. ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? Fe₄[Fe(CN)₆]₃? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????.

?????????

???????? ????????????

????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? FeO (????? ????????)? ?????? ?????? ??????? Fe₂O₃ (????? ????????)? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? Fe₃O₄ (????? ?????? ??????????)? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????. ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? FeC₂O₄? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? +2 ? +3? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????. ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? FeO₂? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????.

????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? FeO(OH) ??? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????????? . ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????.

???????????

???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ?????????? FeS₂ ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ²⁺Fe ?^2-S₂ ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????????.

?????????

???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ????????. ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? FeX₂ (FeF₂ ?FeCl₂ ?FeBr₂ ?FeI₂) ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? HX ????????:

?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????

??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????

${\ce {Fe + 2 HX -> FeX2 + H2}}$

???? ??????? ???????? FeX₃ (FeF₃ ?FeCl₃ ?FeBr₃ ?FeI₃) ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????:

${\ce {Fe + 3 X2 -> 2 FeX3}}$

????? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? FeCl₃? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????.

$\mathrm {Cu+2\ FeCl_{3}\longrightarrow CuCl_{2}+2\ FeCl_{2}}$

???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ³⁺Fe? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ^?I.

${\ce {2I^2- + 2Fe^3+ -> I2 + 2Fe^2+}}$

?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?20 °?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????. ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????.

?????????

????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? FeSO₄ ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????. ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? Fe₂(SO₄)₃ ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????. ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????.

????? ????

?????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????: ??????? (????? ?????? ??????? Fe(NO₃)₂ ?????? ?????? ??????? Fe(NO₃)₃)? ????????? (?????? ?????? ??????? Fe₃(PO₄)₂ ??????? ?????? ??????? FePO₄). ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂.6H₂O)? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? NH₄Fe(SO₄)₂.12H₂O. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????.

???????? ?????????

???? ???? ??????

??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???????.

????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ^3?[FeCl₆]? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? 6? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? (????? ???????) ????? ????? ????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???????. ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? Fe–O ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????.

?? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ^2? [FeF₅(H₂O)] ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ^? [FeCl₄]? ???????? ??????? ?????? ^? [FeBr₄] ?^? [FeI₄] ?????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????????. ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ^3? [Fe(CN)₆]? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ^4?[Fe(CN)₆] ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ?????? (??????????? ????????) ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? Fe₄ [Fe(CN)₆]₃? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????? K₄ [Fe(CN)₆]. ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? pH ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????.

?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? 2?1-????? (????? ????? ???????) ??????? (dppe) ?? ??????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????.

???????? ??????? ???????

?????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ???

????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????. ?? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? Fe(C₅H₅)₂ ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????????????. ????? ??? ??????? ??? 1951? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????????.

?? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? Fe(CO)₅? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? Fe(CO)₅ ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? Fe₃(CO)₁₂? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????. ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? Na₂[Fe(CO)₄]? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? (-2) ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? (+1) ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ₂[C₅H₅Fe(CO)₂]. ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????.

??????? ?????????

???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ????:

????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????????

?????? ??? ????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????:

$\mathrm {Fe^{2+}+2\ HS{-}CH_{2}{-}COOH\longrightarrow [Fe(SCH_{2}COO)_{2}]^{2-}+4\ H^{+}}$

????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? (????) ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? (????).

????? ????? ???????? ???????????

???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????????? (??????? ????? ???? ????????? )? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????:

$\mathrm {Fe^{3+}+3\ SCN^{-}\longrightarrow Fe(SCN)_{3}}$

???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????.

????? ????? ????? ???? ??????

???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????:

$\mathrm {3\ Fe^{2+}+2\ K_{3}[Fe(CN)_{6}]\longrightarrow Fe_{3}[Fe(CN)_{6}]_{2}+6\ K^{+}}$

??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????????:

$\mathrm {4\ Fe^{3+}+3\ K_{4}[Fe(CN)_{6}]\longrightarrow Fe_{4}[Fe(CN)_{6}]_{3}+12\ K^{+}}$

????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????????:

$\mathrm {Fe^{2+}+[Fe(CN)_{6}]^{3-}\ \rightleftharpoons \ Fe^{3+}+[Fe(CN)_{6}]^{4-}}$

?????

??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????. ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????:

????????:

$\mathrm {6H_{2}O+3O_{2}+12\ e^{-}\longrightarrow \ 12OH^{-}}$

????????:

$\mathrm {4Fe\rightleftharpoons \ 4Fe^{2+}+8\ e^{-}}$

$\mathrm {4Fe^{2+}\rightleftharpoons \ 4Fe^{3+}+4\ e^{-}}$

??????? ????????:

$\mathrm {4Fe+6H_{2}O+3O_{2}\longrightarrow \ 4Fe^{3+}+12\ OH^{-}}$

??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? Fe(OH)₃? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? FeO(OH) ????????:

$\mathrm {Fe(OH)_{3}\longrightarrow FeO(OH)\cdot 4H_{2}O}$

????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????:

$\mathrm {2\ FeO(OH)\cdot H_{2}O\longrightarrow Fe_{2}O_{3}+3\ H_{2}O}$

$\mathrm {Fe(OH)_{2}\longrightarrow FeO+H_{2}O}$

???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????:

$\mathrm {\mathrm {x\ Fe^{II}O\cdot y\ Fe_{\ 2}^{III}O_{3}\cdot z\ H_{2}O} }$

??????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????????.

?????? ???????? ?????? 1-??????-3-???? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????.

????? ??????

??? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? 1-??????-3-??? ? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????????? . ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????.

????? ??????

?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????. ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????. ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????. ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????.

???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???????????? (???? ????)

???? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ???????????? (???? ????) ????????????? ????????? P450 . ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ???????????. ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ? ????????????? ? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? . ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? (???? ?????? ???????) ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????. ??????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? .

??? ???????

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Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (???????????) (2 ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN:0-08-037941-9.